Engines - What's the difference?

Introduction

Over the last month, I’ve been doing a lot of research on cars.  It was time to upgrade our family mover to something with 3 rows.  Sounds like an easy feat, no?  Unfortunately, when you replace cars about once every 10 years, due diligence is required to ensure you’re getting the one that is best for your family.

So I set out on a quest.  First, I compiled a list of 39 SUVs and CUVs with three rows.  Everything from Mitsubishi Outlander starting at about $25,000, all the way up to the Tesla Model X starting at about $105,000.  I looked at every single one of those 39 vehicles.

One thing I quickly learned was that each of the companies had a very different idea of what makes a good engine.  Some opted for big V8s while some focused more on smaller forced induction 4 cylinder engines.  Why?  Is a V8 really more powerful that a straight 4?  What are the benefits of each design?

If this is something you are interested in too, then read on!

The Truth About the Number of Cylinders

The number of cylinders has absolutely nothing to do with power output.  Displacement does.  The bigger the displacement, the more power the engine will have (all other things the same), regardless of the number of cylinders that displacement is shared across.  There is also a consideration to be had for the shape of the combustion chamber, piston compression, ignition timing, and several other factors.

Look at all the super cars out there right now.  Acura NSX is only 6 cylinders.  The entire Porsche 911 line only has 6 cylinders.  Many of the new super cars all share the same principle, a bigger engine is not the ultimate goal.  And these are some of the fastest cars in the world.

The design of an engine is all about compromise.  There are a lot of factors that need to be considered that favour the ultimate purpose of the engine.  It must:

1) Have enough power to overcome the weight of the vehicle including itself,

2) Have a reasonable fuel consumption,

3) Balance out the vibrations caused by the moving parts,

4) Fit inside the vehicle.

So let’s talk about each of the individual layouts, starting from the smallest.

Inline 4 - Inline 4s are compact and easy to fit into small vehicles, but are not well balanced.  They often require an extra drive shaft to smooth out vibrations, but they are very efficient engines and can rev well without issue.  I4s are used when engine efficiency outweighs all-out performance.

Horizontally Opposed (Boxer Engines) - Horizontally opposed engines such as Porsches and Subarus are balanced and have near perfect behavior internally.  However, packaging is very difficult.  The engine needs to be mounted far out in front of the front wheels to make room for AWD, which is why Subaru vehicles have such terrible understeer. Porsches, because of their rear mounted engines, have the opposite problem where the engine is so far to the back that it causes terrible oversteer.

Inline 6 - Inline 6s are underused.  They out perform even V8s at power delivery and smoothness.  However, they are very long which makes fitting them in vehicles very difficult.  They also generally require rear wheel drive, since it’s nearly impossible to attach them to a drivetrain that powers the front wheels.

V6 - A V6 has a great size, as it is only 3 cylinders deep, and therefore fits in most medium sized vehicles.  However, there is a huge tradeoff with V6s.  They are very unbalanced and, in order to keep the engine’s longevity in mind, the engine must be tuned down a lot to prevent it from shaking itself apart.  The RPMs are also very heavily limited, resulting in a fairly low redline.  V6 engines are generally boring to drive when used in commercial vehicles.

V8 (Traditional Cross Plane) - A V8 engine is excellent at balancing the 4 engine requirements.  It is not great at any single one of them, but it is very balanced.

The cylinder configuration of a V8 allows it to be relatively smooth (vibrations are muted), and considering it is only 4 cylinders deep, it is relatively small and therefore fits in most larger vehicles.

The downside with a V8 is that the cross plane balance adds a fair bit of rotational mass, so RPM needs to be limited.

Flat Plane V8 - Flat plane V8s have lower rotational mass so they rev higher and generally produce more power, but lose some of the cross plane V8 engine’s balancing. It also leads to higher maintenance demands and shorter overall engine life.

V10 - Still no idea what the strengths of this engine are, other than being able to tell your friends you have something bigger than a V8.

V12 - The V12 is an excellent engine. It is effectively two inline 6 engines bolted together.  Very powerful, very smooth, but also very large and difficult to fit into a traditional vehicle.

Rotary - Rotary engines are not used very much except by people who like to work on their own engines, since they need to be rebuilt frequently.  However, they have extremely high redlines, and can stay at their redline all day, which makes them very exciting to drive.

What about Forced Induction?

Forced induction is when a compressor is used to compress the air to the engine’s intake,  thus increasing the compression ratio of the engine.  Because there is more air being fed into the engine, more fuel can be burned as well.  This can result in more power output from a smaller displacement engine.  There are generally two types of compressors: turbochargers superchargers.

Turbochargers rely on the volume and speed of the engine exhaust to spin up the turbine wheel.  The more exhaust coming out, the more compression the charger will have.  Because it therefore relies on the engine to produce exhaust before it can work, there is a delay in power called “turbo lag” so they are best used for high-rev performance.

Superchargers have virtually no lag time because the charger is always spinning proportionally to the engine speed, however they cause drag on the engine resulting in a loss in power and efficiency.  Many of the new engines that deploy superchargers use a clutch mechanism to detach from the engine when they aren’t needed.

The overall benefits of using compressors is that you can use a small engine to save fuel (when not in boost), but still have access to the power when it’s needed.  It is important to consider though, that depending on your driving habits, chargers can also result in worse fuel consumption that a larger displacement engine as well.  There is a much larger fuel economy differential between economical and spirited driving, than with naturally aspirated engines.

Electric and Hybrids

Hybrids are all the rage right now.  Virtually every manufacturer now is introducing a hybrid engine configuration.  Are these worth it?

Hybrids can have two focuses: Power or Economy

Supercar hybrids, like the Acura NSX and Ferrari LaFerrari, use the battery primarily to complement the gas engine to provide additional horsepower.  It still burns all the fuel of a traditional gas powered vehicle, but also uses the battery add more power to either the front or the rear wheels.  Also, battery power has their entire torque potential at 0 RPM, long before the gas engine can start producing power. This is a different use case, so I won’t talk about it here.

Economy focused hybrids are designed to reduce the load on the gas engine, thus reducing the fuel consumption.  There are a few problems with this.  Batteries of this caliber are expensive, heavy, and only last for a few years before they start losing their capacity and will need to be replaced.  Also, at a $10,000 or more premium, you will need to drive a LOT before you end up saving enough fuel to make it worthwhile.

Electric cars have made huge strides, especially since Tesla started pushing the advancement of the technology.  They are great for short trips, but fall short on long road trips, since the infrastructure is not yet in place to support quick charging, except in very select locations.

Conclusion

There is no perfect engine for every application.  When choosing an engine for your vehicle, you need to consider what your driving habits are, and the ultimate application for the vehicle being purchased.  But if power is your main concern, you need to look deeper than just engine size.

Going on vacation ... should you bring your big DSLR?

As photographers, we all become very comfortable with the control we have with our big and bulky cameras.  But when you go on vacation, carrying around a full sized body and a few lenses can really weigh you down.  Do we even need to carry those around any more, or have cell phones advanced to the point where we can leave the bulky cameras at home?

I recently returned from a trip to Disneyland with my 4 year old son.  When I was packing, I considered this same question.  Is the quality, control, and buttery smooth bokeh of my 22.3MP full frame (36mm x 24mm) sensor Canon 5D3 worth hauling it around the parks and on rides, or should I try getting away solely with the camera in my 8MP 1/3.2" (4.536mm x 3.416mm) sensor Nexus 5?

Well, I decided to try leaving the behemoth at home, and went light.  Here are my observations.


Convenience

Nexus 5 @ ISO400, f/2.4

Without any surprise, only carrying around a phone is by far the most convenient option.  It fits in your pocket, and is very quick to pull out when you need it.  In fact, many phones these days don't even need to be unlocked to use; they will let you launch the camera directly from the lock screen.  Not only is the phone always on you, but you never have to worry about taking it on rides, or leaving it behind in a stroller while you stand in line.  This means you are never worried about your expensive gear getting damaged or stolen!  Peace of mind alone is a huge benefit!


Quality

Okay, here is the thing about quality.  When you are comparing a multi-purpose device that costs somewhere between $500-$800, and a dedicated device costing up to 4 times that price (or more), of course there are going to be some trade-offs.

Quality - Lens Aberrations

Both images captured with Nexus 5 @ ISO100, f/2.4

The first thing I noticed is that you need to be far more mindful of aberrations like lens flares.  Expensive lenses have coatings to help combat this problem, and many also have lens hoods to keep out unwanted light.  Although photographers are always concious of where the sun is, it becomes even more important with camera phones.

Quality - Low Light

Nexus 5 @ ISO410, f/2.4

Low available light is where phone cameras really suffer.  The amount of light that can be registered on the camera's sensor is limited by the size of each individual pixel on the sensor.  Assuming that my math is right, the pixels on the full frame sensor of the 5D3 is a whole 20 times larger than the pixels on the Nexus 5's sensor, which means 20 times more light is collected at the same settings. This means that the phone will need to either 1) amplify the signal a lot more, leading to a much noisier photo, or 2) use a much slower shutter speed potentially leading to motion blur.  And in reality, it will probably do both.  So in low light, the phone will present you with a noisy, blurry, soft image.  But with the right preparation, and a prior understanding of why this happens, this can be combated.  There are also easy ways to remove noise in post, but since noise reduction is technically the opposite of sharpening, this will again lead to a softer image.

Quality - LED Flash Colorcast

Nexus 5 @ ISO1079, f/2.4

LED light is very blue.  When the flash is the only dominant light source, this usually isn't a problem, as it can be correct quickly using the white balance slider in pretty much any software, including those that come pre-installed on the phone.  But that only works if it is the only dominant light source.  Unfortunately, other light sources in the scene will have a different color balance, and will most likely look very orange.  High power capacitor based flashes are typically much better in terms of color temperature (among many other things), which reduces the blue cast that you will get in pictures taken at night.


Speed

Nexus 5 @ ISO190, f/2.4

There is no question that a DSLR is going to be faster.  The shutter release lag on the Canon 5D3 is roughly 59ms, so you can be sure that what you see when you press the shutter release is exactly how the picture will be captured.  The delay on phones varies greatly depending on lighting conditions and pre-focusing, but it can be as high as a couple seconds.  This can lead to a lot of missed opportunities, especially with kids who have a very short attention span.


Artistic Shots

Nexus 5 @ ISO180, f/2.4

Trying to take artistic shots with a camera phone is difficult.  Without having complete control over the exposure values (and a tripod!) your ability to get anything that looks like more than just a simple snapshot is very limited, but still possible.


Is There a Happy Medium?

Nexus 5 @ ISO180, f/2.4

This post is not meant to discuss other middle-of-the-road options, such as the Sony NEX or Olympus OM-D series cameras, both are compact and offer an excellent list of features and quality.  So if you aren't prepared to rely on your phone, but don't want to haul around a bulky DSLR, consider looking into a mirrorless or micro 4/3 format camera.


Conclusion

Nexus 5 @ ISO417, f/2.4

If the purpose of your trip is primarily about playing with your kids, the compactness and convenience of a phone camera will likely outweigh the benefits of the DSLR.  In fact, the memories captured will be just as memorable regardless of the quality of the pictures you get.  A prime example of this is Disneyland!

However, if the quality of the pictures is your primary concern, and you are willing to haul it around, a DSLR in the right hands will still get superior quality pictures.  So if you are going on a cruise, or on a tour through a rainforest, this may still be your best choice.

Why is that grown man riding a trike?

Introduction

Trike.

Not a word that makes you think of sportiness, speed, agility, and comfort.  Also not a word you typically associate with adults.  But oddly enough, trikes are becoming more and more popular, as an alternative to the other self-propelled methods of transportation.  But why?  Why would someone want to ride something that strange, rather than a more traditional bike?

A little background.  I was a competitive cyclist many years ago.  I raced road bikes and mountain bikes, I dabbled in cyclocross, I commuted 30 kms to university year round, and I was even a part of various bike trials competitions and demonstrations (for those of you who aren't familiar with bike trials, think of it as stunt riding), so I am experienced in a wide variety of cycling disciplines.

A few months back, I started riding a recumbent tadpole trike.  I have been using it as my primary commuter to work, I used it to ride a century (100+ kms), and I've now even had a good opportunity to test it out in both snow and ice.  These are my opinions on the pros and cons of tadpole trikes when compared to a more traditional two wheeled bike.

Speed

People often get caught up in the "weight weenie" mindset, where everything needs to get lighter for them to get faster.  But here's the thing about weight: weight matters when climbing a hill or accelerating.  But as soon as you are up to cruising speed, weight no longer matters.

The amount of energy required to climb a hill (Joules) is equal to the weight multiplied by the distance climbed in meters squared, divided by the time in seconds squared.  So the heavier the bike, the more effort required to climb a hill.

With acceleration, the same principle is true.  But in this case, let's use the formula:

The force required to accelerate is equal to the total mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration.  So to keep acceleration the same, more force is required as the mass of the object increases.

So yes, considering that the average XC mountain bike is ~24 pounds, the average road bike is ~19 pounds, and the average trike is ~36 pounds, there is no question a traditional bike can out accelerate and out climb a trike.  So if this is important to you, trikes are definitely not the best choice.

However, once you are up to speed, weight no longer matters.  What matters now is rolling resistance and aerodynamics.  Rolling resistance is highly dependant on the tires so there isn't a very easy comparison between the different styles of bikes.  The theory is that, because there is an extra wheel on a trike, there is probably about 50% additional rolling resistance, but in reality, there isn't any noticeable difference.


Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics is a completely different story.  Up to this point, it seems like a traditional bike wins hands down.  But this is where the game changes.  Completely.

I remember when the Trek Y-Foil 77 came out in the late 90s.  They claimed that the frame was 37% more aerodynamic than a traditional frame.  This was impressive, of course, that isn't the whole story.  The aerodynamics of the frame really have very little to do with the maintainable speed of the bike.  I remember looking at it at a bike store the last year it was produced, and having a debate with a salesman about how much the aerodynamics of the frame matters.  He was convinced that the 37% aerodynamics boost was for the frame and rider combined, not just the frame, alone, in a wind tunnel.

What is the point of this story?  If you look at a very thin and flat profile of a road bike, and compare it to a trike, the road bike looks way faster.  But as soon as you put a rider on each one, things change...

1. A rider sitting on top of a road bike is high off the ground.  In fact, the taller the rider, the bigger the bike, and the higher they are off the ground.  With a trike, however, you are sitting inches off the ground.  Just like comparing a tall truck with a lowered exotic sports car, the closer you get to the ground, the more slippery you will be in the wind.
2. A rider sitting on top of a road bike is curved forward and is acting like a human parachute.  Even in the most aerodynamic position, with the rider's back flat, they are still catching the wind.  But with a trike, you are reclined.  Yes, you are not sitting flat (on most trikes, anyway), but because you are reclined, the wind easily goes up and over your shoulders instead of cupping the wind and slowing you down.

But how much of a difference does this make, really?  Well, this is the elevation change on my typical commute from work:

As you can see, it starts with a quick decent, an extended flat section, and then a climb back out of the river valley.  Net elevation is pretty flat, but there is a little short of 100 meters of overall climbing.

I wanted compare how fast I could do the ride on my road bike compared to the trike.  Before I did the ride, I actually thought the road bike would be faster, since I would be able to climb quicker, making up a lot of time at the end.  But this actually didn't happen.

Here is a direct comparison between the two rides (the trike is on the left, the road bike is on the right):

As you can see, even with the big climb and weighing nearly double, the trike was about 13% faster than the road bike!  Over a short distance, where fatigue doesn't come into play, that is pretty impressive.  As you get more tired, fatigue starts to show a lot quicker on a traditional bike than on a more comfortable recumbent, so this percentage will likely only increase.


Agility

The agility advantages and drawbacks are subjective.  On one hand, the trike handles like a go-cart and descends hills like a bob sled, which is incredibly fun!  It's low centre of gravity and three wheels also gives you a lot of traction for taking corners at speed.  But the style of cornering is slightly different.  With a road bike, the situation (road conditions, speed, pedaling, etc.) will dictate how much you lean your bike through the corner, and how much you just lean your body.  But with a trike, you can't lean the trike itself.  Instead, you need to lean your body hard into the corner, similar to how you would corner a snowmobile.  Otherwise, you will roll.  This happens surprisingly easily.  So even though all three wheels are (hopefully) always planted on the ground, it is important to lean your body to keep it that way.  That being said, once you are comfortable with the trike, they are extremely fast around corners.  Arguably, faster than a traditional bike.  But this takes practice.

 Comfort

A traditional bike leads to a lot of comfort problems.  The most obvious is related to saddle sores, but beyond the problems related to the uncomfortable seat of a traditional bike, there is also the back problems that come out of being bent over all the time, neck problems that come out of holding your head out and up all the time, and the arm and hand problems that come from supporting the weight of your torso.

When you sit on a recumbent trike, all of these problems disappear!  Your back is supported, your arms don't support your weight, and your neck isn't pushed out holding your head in an awkward position.  It is just like you are sitting in a reclined camping chair.  Very comfortable!

Something else to consider on long rides is that, when you get tired on a traditional bike, your head gets heavy and you start looking down.  All you see is the line on the road.  But with a trike, your head stays up.  You see everything!


Safety

It is becoming more and more dangerous to ride bikes on the road.  In fact, it is unfortunately very common for a bike to be run off the road by an immature driver.  With a trike being so much lower to the ground, the initial though is that they would be even more dangerous because drivers are less likely to see them.

Oddly enough, the opposite is true.  Because cyclists are so common on the roads, no one takes notice of them.  They are just another biker to run off the road.  But since trikes are so rare, the same driver that would create a danger for the cyclist spends more time trying to figure out what they are looking at, and by the time the time they figure it out, they have already passed you.  It is because they are so rare, that they are also safer on the road than other types of bikes.


Winter Riding

It seems most winter commuters these days are using studded tires.  I have used them as well, but personally, I'm not a fan.  My first year commuting through the winter, I used studded tires on both the front and back.  My second year, I only used one on the front (for braking and cornering).  And by my third year, I didn't bother with either.  If you plan to go out and race around a frozen lake, then studded tires are great, but there are downsides.

1. Studded tires are heavy, and being rotational weight, it is in the worst possible place to add weight.
2. Although they improve traction on ice, studded tires are slippery on pavement.
3. Studded tires have horrible rolling resistance.  It makes pedalling a lot harder.
4. They make a very annoying noise.

With a trike though, you aren't going to fall over, and because there are two front wheels, you already have double the cornering and braking power.  So really, even without studded tires, you are still a lot safer than on a two wheeled counterpart.  But that isn't even the best part!

Riding a trike on ice means you can do something awesome ... drift.  Since you are likely going to taking corners much faster on ice than a two wheeler, you can also throw your back end out easily as well, making corners on a trike extremely fun!  Drifting ... oh the drifting...  Commuting doesn't get much more fun than that!

There is a downside, though.  When riding on bumpy rutted snow or ice, which is common on trails popular with runners, the smaller wheels on a trike will not roll as easily, making it harder to pedal on those trails.

Transporting the Bike

Fitting most trikes into a car is going to take some planning.  It isn't as easy as pulling the quick release wheels off, and dropping it in the trunk of a car.  Most trikes don't fold, so you may be forced to pull all three wheels off (usually not a quick release) and pulling the boom out (also usually not a quick release).  You might possibly even be forced to remove the seat.  So basically, you are disassembling the bike with tools every time you want to fit it in the back of a car.  Even if you do have a foldable trike, they don't collapse to anywhere near the footprint of a traditional bike.  Oh, and they definitely aren't going to fit on a traditional bike rack either.  Something to consider when deciding if a trike is something that will conveniently fit into your lifestyle.


Conclusion

Needless to say, trikes are not for everyone.  But the fact is, even people who don't see themselves ever owning one may change their minds very quickly after just one test ride.  They are fast, safe, and a lot of fun.  If you've ever thought about something a little bit different, take one for a test ride.  You won't be disappointed!

Tips for Concert Photography

Kent Sangster.  Please visit his site at www.kentsangster.com

Introduction

Concerts are among the most difficult situations a photographer will find themselves in.  There are constant changes in light.  And we're not talking a about just light intensity, we're talking about the color of light as well.  Not only do the different light sources (LED, halogen, fluorescent, etc.) cause different color casts, but quite often stages will deliberately throw different colors on the stage for lighting effects.  Plus, the light we do get is dark, inconsistent, and the performers are always moving, making it near impossible to keep a fast enough shutter speed to get a sharp image.  So how can we get good concert shots?


Tip 1 - Shoot in Manual Mode

It is a mode that is feared by many.  But it is almost a necessity while shooting concerts.  When the camera is metering for a scene, it will average out exposure across everything on stage, including the black background, the bright lights, the reflections off of instruments, the visual effects that are going on around the performers....  Most of the time, the camera's metering works fairly well, or at least well enough.  But when you are dealing with the constantly changing lighting conditions, the camera will get confused.  Ever picture will have a different exposure, even though all that matters is the performers themselves.  Chances are, if all that is lit on stage is the performer, and the background is black, then the camera will try to over-expose the performer's face.  If you simply try to compensate by using "exposure compensation" then you may get a few good shots, but changing your angle or changes in light during the performance will mess up your settings again.

The only way to prevent slight changes of lighting in the scene from changing your exposure is by using manual mode.  This way, you make the decisions, not the camera.  Once you get the exposure dialed in, you can shoot all night!  Just occasionally check your LCD screen and histogram to make sure your exposure hasn't changed, and adjust accordingly.


Tip 2 - Arrive Early and Meter!

Arriving early is a no-brainer.  But it is what you spend that time doing before the concert that matters.

Try to meet with the lighting technician when you arrive.  Ask him what special effects are planned for the concert, and see if you can get him to dim the house lights and set the stage lights to what he expects to set them to during the concert.  Then, if you have an incident light meter, get on stage and take a reading.  Otherwise, ask a stage hand to stand on stage and take a few test shots to figure out what your exposure will need to be set at as a starting point.  This will make let you start getting great shots right from the start, instead of wasting the first several shots trying to get a good exposure.


Tip 3 - Shoot Raw!

Shooting RAW (as opposed to JPEG) gives you a lot more of a chance to salvage a poorly exposed shot.  So if you need to pull a stop of exposure out of the picture in post, you can!  Plus, white balance is something you don't even have to worry about, since you have 100% control of white balance in post with a RAW file, unlike JPEG where you can only perform minor adjustments.  JPEGs throw away the majority of data before it even reaches your memory card, so what you capture when you press the shutter button is pretty much what you are stuck with.


Tip 4 - Use Silent Shutter Mode

Many of the DSLRs available today have a "Silent Shutter" mode.  Effectively, what this does is slow down the speed of the mirror.  Instead of slamming the mirror up as fast as possible, releasing the shutter, and then slamming the mirror back down (which does make a loud noise), the slower moving mirror makes the entire action much quieter.  The downside however, is there is more shutter lag (takes longer between pressing the shutter button and capturing the picture) and you have a much slower rapid-fire (the 5D Mark 3 goes from 6 frames/second to 3 frames/second in silent mode).

Depending on the concert and venue, this may not matter.  For example, with a rock or hip hop concert where there are a lot of screaming fans, or in a bar, it probably doesn't matter as much.  But in a concert where things can get quiet, or in a venue that has world class accoustics, the sounds of a mirror flapping around can be very distracting and annoying for the audience.


Tip 5 - How Fast Can Your Shutter Go?

This is where your technical skill comes in.  As discussed previously, lighting is going to be a challenge.  It will be hard to get enough light to properly expose.  But at the same time, everyone is moving around on stage and you need to keep a fast shutter speed.  How can you do this?

This is very dependant on your camera (high ISO performance), your lens (aperture), and your skill (capturing sharp images with a slow shutter on a moving subject).  Ideally, you want as fast of a shutter speed as your gear can handle, so that the moving performers will be sharp.  Yes, this is difficult, but this is where having a high technical knowledge and skill comes in handy!  Know the exposure triangle, and know your gear.  After that, practice makes perfect!


Tip 6 - How Slow Can Your Shutter Go?

Contrary to Tip 5, capturing percussionists while dragging your shutter can lead to very interesting effects.  In most cases, you want to freeze motion.  However with drums, a fast moving drum stick can give a completely different feel to the picture.

So when shooting a drum kit, give dragging the shutter a try.


Tip 7 - Focus Stacking

Chances are, when you are shooting in dark environments, you will be forced to use very wide aperture, probably around f/2.8.  Of course, when shooting that wide, you will have a hard time getting more than one person in focus, since the focus plain will be so narrow.  A way to combat this to quickly focus on multiple people and capture them each in focus, and then stack the pictures in post.  It takes a lot of practice to be able to get multiple pictures that can be stacked, while changing your focal point, all while things are changing in the scene, but if you can get this to work out (even once!) then it will make a big difference in the shot.


Tip 8 - Shoot Everyone

Depending on the size of the band you are shooting, try to get at least a few good pictures of everyone on stage.  Everyone on stage is as important as the next, and each of those performers may come back looking for a picture of themselves performing.  You never know what exposure may come up from having a shot of them in your portfolio!


Conclusion

If anyone gets the opportunity to shoot a concert, they should jump on it.  It is one of the best ways to challenge your skills.  If you can pull off a concert, you will likely do well in most any situation.

What's in my bag?

Introduction

It seems customary for bloggers to, eventually, make a post about their gear.  What do they use, when do they use it, and why they chose it over other gear. Well I figured I would do the same, and possibly do a follow up in a year or two to see how things have changed.

Now before I get started, here is the standard disclaimer:  I must make it clear that it is not the gear, but the photographer that makes the difference.  It has been said that 99% of the gear out there is better than 99% of photographers, so unless you are in the top 1% (and even if you are) you don't need the best.  This is simply what I have chosen to use.


Body

My current camera of choice is the Canon 5D Mark 3.  In my opinion, this is the best body available today.  Sure the Canon 1Dx costs $2000 more and has more sheer brain power, and the Nikon D800 has almost twice as many pixels on the sensor, but in terms of the features that actually matter (to me) the quality of the image, and the ergonomics of it, it is the perfect body.  Its 61 focus points (vs. 9 on the Rebels and 11 on the 6D), dual card slots, and exceptional dynamic range make it ideal for everything I use it for.  And of course, the full 35mm sensor gives endless silky smooth bokeh.

What is it missing?

There are a few things that I miss.  The 6 frames/sec in burst mode, although still pretty quick, isn't as fast as the 8 fps I got on my old 7D.  And it is nowhere near the 14 frames/sec on the 1DX.  Having the extra speed is very helpful when shooting sports, otherwise it really doesn't matter.

I also wish it the exposure metering wasn't always based on the center of the frame.  The 1DX can meter based on the focus point, even if the focus point is near a corner.

And the third thing I wish it had was an Ethernet jack.  Ethernet reaches a lot farther than USB does, and is much faster and reliable than transferring wirelessly when shooting tethered.


Zoom Lenses

Zoom lenses are great for when you don't know what you're walking into.  Although you sacrifice a bit on quality, you gain a great deal in convenience, allowing you to change the focal length at the blink of an eye.

Canon 8-15mm f/4L Fisheye - A very unique lens.  This is both a circular fisheye (at 8mm) providing a full 180 degrees field of view, and a linear full frame fisheye (at 15mm).  It is two lenses in one!  This is great for artistic shots, but can easily be overused.  This one needs to be use sparingly and carefully, but if used right, it can give an eye catching effect.

Canon 24-105mm f/4L - This is my walk-around lens.  It is my slowest lens, not giving a very nice depth of field and often requiring a flash to use indoors, but for walking around a party and quickly going from a wide angle lens to a medium telephoto lens, and everything in between, is a great convenience.  Plus, being an L-series lens, it is weather resistant, which is a big advantage for shooting on a beach or on a not so sunny day.

Canon 70-200mm f/2.8L IS II  - The ultimate sports photographers lens.  Excellent quality, excellent bokeh, lightening fast focusing, great in low light.  If you shoot sports, you need this lens.  It is also a great lens for portraits (if you have enough room, you'll be standing a long ways away from your model) and family shoots when standing back and letting the kids take a break and just be silly.


Prime Lenses

Most of what I shoot is done with prime lenses.  You don't have the luxury of being able to simply twist the lens and crop in on your subject, but when doing portraits, you do have the luxury of being able to quickly zoom with your feet.  WALK up to your subject.  The prime lenses are typically much faster, considerably fewer imperfections, and a higher quality light capture device.

Canon 35mm f/1.4L - Given that my current studio doesn't have a lot of depth to the room, this is my favourite lens for portrait work.  Plus, it could be one of Canon's best build quality lenses!  It is wide, but it has corrective elements to prevent the deformation you get with most wide angle lenses.  The image quality produced by this lens is about as good as it gets, and the bokeh is silky smooth.

Canon 50mm f/1.4 - This is my least favourite lens that I currently own, and is also the only non-L lens (other than the Lensbaby) that I own.  The "nifty fifty" is a lens everyone should own, since the image it captures is exactly the same perspective as what we see in real life.  But, for the same reason, it gives a very boring shot.  You have to work harder with this lens to make the picture interesting than you do with other focal length lenses.  So even though it is a lens that is almost a requirement to own, I rarely ever use it.

Canon 100mm f/2.8L IS - Obviously, this is what I use for macro photography, and for that it is excellent.  However, I also use it, along with my 35mm, for close-up portrait work and head-shots.  It is incredibly sharp (almost too sharp, but there is always softening in post), and the bokeh is beautiful.  This is the most versatile lens I carry.

Lensbaby Composer - This is a cheap selective focus lens, intended for getting artistic shots.  Everything about it is manual.  The aperture is adjusted by putting in different sized aperture disks using magnets, and the focus is completely manual as well.  Given the price, this lens is a great way to learn techniques, but in practice, you can get the same result (possibly better) using Photoshop in post, using a much sharper lens.  Like the other 50mm, this lens rarely makes it into my bag.


Lens Modifiers

Although having a relatively extensive collection of lenses covers a wide range of  uses, there are times when I want to extend the intended use without having to carry around (or pay for) additional lenses.

Canon 2x Extender III - This lens multiplier will turn the 70-200 f/2.8 into a 140-400mm f/5.6.  Great for wildlife, and sports from far away (especially outdoors, since it looses 2 stops of light, making it much slower).  I will also use it on my macro lens to increase the macro magnification.  If you are interested in how this works, please see a previous blog post about increasing magnification on a macro lens.

Promaster Extension Tubes - Extension tubes are nothing more than spacers to hold the lens farther away from the camera.  This changes the working distance between the camera and the subject, allowing a closer minimum focusing distance.  If you are interested in how this works, please see a previous blog post about increasing magnification on a macro lens.


Lens Filters

If the lighting conditions don't let you get the results you are looking for, then filters help modify the light for a better overall result.

Circular Polarizer - Great for landscape shots.  They really get the sky to pop!

ND8 Neutral Density Filter - Neutral density filters are like sunglasses for your lens!  If you need to cut out the light, which allows you to either use a wider aperture, or a slower shutter speed, an ND filter will let you do that.  The ND8 filter cuts out 3 stops of light.

10 Stop Neutral Density Filter - This filter serves the same purpose as the ND8, but is black.  Instead of just cutting 3 stops of light, it cuts out 10 stops (lets in 1/1024 of the original light).  It is designed for taking pictures of the inside of ovens, but I will use it to get a 10 minute exposure in bright sunlight, or I will stack it with the ND8 to get 13 stops of light filtration (lets in 1/8192 of the original light) to photograph the solar eclipses.


Flashes

Natural light is beautiful and flattering when used properly, but there are times when you need an extra kiss of light.

Canon 580EX II - This is my main flash.  It is powerful, full featured, will act as both a master and slave, supports high speed sync, and has a built in reflector card.

2 x Canon 320EX - These flashes are much smaller than the big 580EX powerhouse, and will only work as slaves, but still support wireless ETTL.  I occasionally use these flashes for low powered fill flash or hair light, or for light experimentation.

Canon ST-E2 Speedlite Transmitter - This device has the same master flash functionality as the 580EX flashes, except that it isn't an actual flash.  It allows for off-camera flash triggering, and fully supports ETTL and multiple flash groups, but doesn't throw any light on the subject.

2 x Elinchrom 400 Watt Strobes - These are my main studio strobes.  Perfect for portraiture in a small studio.


Light Modifiers

Flash and strobe light can be harsh.  Even when using natural light, you may have the need to modify it in some way.

2 x 24" Elinchrom Softboxes - These are the perfect size softboxes for my small studio.  Since they are always very close to the subject, the light is diffused enough to provide beauty light, without requiring a whole lot of power to light the scene.

30" Convertible Umbrella - Whether using this to reflect or shoot-through, this umbrella will easily light my entire studio with a single flash, for those times when this is what I'm going for.

38" Lastolite Silver/White Reflector - Reflectors are a huge part of lighting.  They can be used to capture available light and reflect it back into the subject's face to fill in the shadowy areas like the eye sockets, under the chin, or below the nose.  They can also be used for reducing the harshness of daylight, and as a last resort, you can throw them on the ground and let your subject sit or lay on them to stay off the wet grass.  Super light, super compact, and extra useful.

106" Projector Screen - My studio doubles as a movie theatre.  When in studio mode, the projector screen on the side wall makes an excellent reflector.  Also, the theatre has great audio for playing music during the shoot ... you know, to set the mood.


Tripods

Tripods are vital for any long exposure work, and even to rest your arms when using a heavy lens.

Manfrotto 055CXPRO3 & Manfrotto 498CR2 Ballhead - This is my workhorse tripod.  Very tall, very sturdy, great vibration reduction, and excellent configuration options. Being carbon, it is light enough to carry around, but the design does not sacrifice strength.  It get tall enough that I need to stand on a chair, and will even go flat enough that it will hold the camera right against the ground.  Excellent configuration.

Benro C-069 R8 Travel Angel Carbon Tripod & B-00 Ballhead - One of the lightest tripods I have ever picked up.  Separated into 5 sections, and weighting as much as a feather, this tripod will easily slide into a bag and be forgotten about.  Strong enough for a light lens and moderate length shutters, it is great for hiking down a long trail to a waterfall shoot, or taking on trips to Hawaii where you are already pushing the limit of your luggage weight restrictions.


Other Accessories that go in the bag

Other notable items I carry around ...

Canon GP-E2 GPS Receiver - This device serves three purposes.  1) It tags the GPS location and compass direction in the metadata of each picture.  2) It records your walking path during the shoot.  3) It synchronizes the clock in the camera using an atomic clock, ensuring that the capture time for the pictures are accurate.  When doing on-location shoots, this is a great tool to have, because not only is each picture that is being delivered to the client tagged with the exact location the picture was taken, I can also give them a map of where we walked to in the park.  This gives an extra element of value to the package that is being delivered.  However, for obvious security reasons, I never use the device while at or near home, and I always strip out the GPS details before posting images on-line.

Eye-Fi Pro X2 - This card is a nifty device that lets me immediately transfer JPEGs that were captured on my camera to my phone, where I can instantly text, email, or upload to any social networking site.  Just a note: Eye-Fi recently released a new version of the card called Mobi, claiming that it is the first to allow direct-to-phone transfers.  Although it is easier to set up, this is all the Mobi can do.  The older X2 can do this, plus a lot more.  The only advantage the Mobi has is ease-of-use, otherwise it is very limited relative to the older version.

Canon RC-1 Wireless Shutter Release - Just a basic wireless remote for hands-off shutter release triggering.

2 x LED Flash Lights - Used for light painting at night.  Open the shutter, paint in the scene with the flash lights, close the shutter.  Lots of interesting effects to be had here.

Blanket, wet wipes, clothes, water, etc - When on a family shoot in the park, you never know what you will run into that you want to have the subject sit on, or if the kids get their hands dirty, or a runny nose ... it is always good to be prepared!


Camera Bags

Depending on the event, I have two camera bags I will use.

Think Tank Streetwalker Pro - This is the perfect size for a pro camera and the lenses and accessories I typically take with me on a photo walk.  It is big, but not too big.  Tripod mount on the outside, a rain cover that tucks away, and is very well built.

Lowepro Computrekker Plus AW - When I was looking for a camera/laptop bag, I had a problem.  They were all designed for 15" screens or smaller.  My laptops are always 17" screens and very thick.  My current laptop is an ASUS G75V with dual hard drives, 16GB of RAM, i7 processor, dedicated nVidia graphics card, and a huge cooling system.  The laptop is not small, so I needed something big.  This bag is huge.  Not only does it hold everything you'll ever need for your camera, but it also has a laptop compartment that fits my massive laptop.  And, it is designed to still be used as carry-on luggage!


Conclusion

That's about it!  Other than a few small items that aren't worth mentioning, these are the items that are either in my bag, or are a big part of my studio.

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Why do cameras still have view finders?

Introduction

With virtually all digital cameras now having an LCD screen on the back, allowing us to see a much bigger and often more accurate idea of what is going to be captured when the picture is ultimately captured, why then do so many cameras still have a viewfinder?

This is a question I often hear asked.  Do we really need that tiny window in the back of the camera?  The answer is actually very simple, but not really that obvious.  Let me explain.


The Causes of Blurry Images

There are two things that will make your pictures look blurry.  The first is the one we all know, and that is simply if the lens was not properly focused on the subject.  But there is another reason.  Motion blur.

Motion blur, also, can be caused by two things.  One is if the subject is moving when you take the picture.  This can be mitigated by using a faster shutter speed, but this isn't always possible.  The other cause of motion blur is if the camera moves during the exposure.  It is very important to keep the camera as still as possible while taking the picture to make sure you aren't contributing to motion blur.


Steadying the Camera

Do this:  Hold your arms wait out in front of you and try to keep them steady.  It's hard!  It doesn't matter how steady you are, your arms will still be moving slighting.  Plus, if you hold them out for awhile, your arms will begin to get sore, making it even harder to hold them steady.  So what happens if you try to hold a camera steady for long periods when you are holding it out in front of you?  The same thing ... it will be very difficult to hold it steady.

Now, try pulling your arms in close to your body and hold them steady.  Much easier!  If you hold your camera in close to your body, you are essentially turning yourself into a tripod.  Your pictures will be in general, noticeably sharper. Plus, your arms won't get as sore over time.

This is exactly what the viewfinder does for you.  It let's you get your camera in as close as you can, and hold the camera as steady as possible!


Conclusion

By using the viewfinder, your pictures will be sharper, and you will be able to get more pictures throughout the day!

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Printing Your Art

It has been said that pictures hasn't been realized until it is put into print.  In today's age, it is so easy to shoot the pictures, share them with friends and family online, but most pictures never actually make it to print.  But really, even a 4x6 sitting in a photo album isn't doing your art justice, how many times do you actually pull out that album and look at it?  Or show your friends?  Chances are, not very often.  Your best work should be hanging on your walls, framed on your coffee tables, not lost on your hard drive or in a closed photo album.  The problem is, how should you go about printing them?


The truth about why photographers hold printing rights...

Usually when you hire a photographer to capture an event like a wedding, or a studio session, their contract states that you must order all prints through them.  There is a lot of negativity about this.  I've heard things like "this is just a way for them to scam us out of money."  Of course, the residual income is something any business person would like to capture, but that's not the whole story.  In fact, this isn't even the main issue.

The main issue is simply this: if they control the printing rights, the customer is assured of getting high quality prints!  A good photographer takes pride in their work, and doesn't want to see their pictures get printed without an appropriate level of quality.  There is a huge difference in a print from a low quality (an inexpensive) printer like Walmart, compared to a dedicated printer that has very expensive and well calibrated printers and quality assurance processes.

The contrast and detail that you can lose from budget printers is astounding when you see two identical prints from two providers side-by-side, making it clear why they are so cheap.  A photographer doesn't want to have their art work cheaped out on when printing, because:
1) the customer will not be as happy with it, and
2) their friends and family who see those pictures will not be impressed with the quality and assume it is a flaw with the photographer, leading to a potential loss of business.

It's like buying blu-ray movies and watching them on the old cathode ray tube television in your parent's basement.  If you've spent hundreds of dollars on a professional photographer, don't cheap out on the prints!


What to consider when printing...

We are getting to the point where it almost doesn't make sense to have your own printer.  Ink is very expensive, and the ink dries out fast, meaning if you don't use the printer, the ink is just drying up, making the actual cost per sheet sky-rocket if you aren't using it daily.  Outsourcing your print jobs, for most people anyway, often makes sense, so you need to consider if the convenience of being able to do it yourself outweighs the typical loss of cost and quality.

If you are printing out small pictures, up to 5x7, then a budget place like Walmart, Costco, or London Drugs is usually good enough.  Any bigger than that, and chances are you plan to use the picture for something special, so paying a little extra for quality becomes something worth very strongly considering.

Please note that I won't be recommending any quality printers, because this depends on your printing purpose and desired format, and the best places change over time.


Printing formats...

1. Metal
I recently had my first metal prints done.  I'm not talking about the metallic photo paper made by Kodak, I'm talking about prints done on a piece of aluminium.  The first time you see a print on metal, it is like nothing you've seen.  It's kind of like seeing HD TV for the first time.  There are several different ways to do metal prints each having their own best uses (i.e. glossy for nature, satin for portraits, sheer for high key, etc.) so it is important to do your research for best results.

2. Canvas
Another popular format for fine art prints is canvas.  These are prints done on a muslin canvas (the material, not the religion) and stretched onto a wood block frame.  These prints, even more than with metal, work much better when they are printed very large, otherwise you lose a lot of detail.  But they give you a lot of flexibility on sizes and framing options, and stand out on your wall as a gallery ready print.

3. Books
The digital age has made it extremely easy to create your own custom book and have it professionally printed.  You can use pre-set templates, or design your own layout.  This is a great way to put an entire event into one book, with a more customized look than a standard album.

4. Speciality items
We've all see the customized coffee mugs, mouse pads, and place mats.  The options here are as extensive as your imagination, pretty much everything you could want is available in one way or another.  Again, quality here goes a long way, so depending on what your gift is for, you may want to consider paying a little extra for something that will look good last you a long time.

With all of these options, including just large prints on "old fashioned photo paper," you will want to make sure you do your research and know what you are getting for your money.  You may even want to talk to your photographer to make sure you really are getting the best deal.  In fact, your photographer my even know how to get you discounts!

Just remember this: cheaper is not always a sacrificing worth taking. You truly do get what you pay for.

If you have any questions about any of this, feel free to contact me.  And remember to like me on Facebook!